Simbang Gabi (Misa de Gallo)
Simbang Gabi, also known as Misa de Gallo (Rooster’s Mass) or Dawn Masses, is a cherished nine-day novena dedicated to the Blessed Virgin Mary, the Expectant Mother of God. This tradition begins on December 16 (or December 15 when celebrated in the evening) and culminates on the morning of December 24. Introduced to the Philippines by Spanish friars in the 16th century, it has roots in the early Christian traditions of Spain, Mexico, and the Philippines. In the 1600s, the Holy See permitted these early dawn Masses to accommodate farmers and fishermen who worked at the crack of dawn. The name Misa de Gallo reflects the roosters crowing at dawn, signaling the time to attend Mass before starting the workday.
The history of Filipino immigration to the United States is deeply intertwined with its socio-economic development and relationship with the U.S. This connection began when the Philippines was ceded to the U.S. by Spain in 1898 and continued after the Philippines gained independence in 1946. The first significant wave of Filipino immigration started in the early 1900s, with thousands of young Filipino men recruited for the booming agricultural industry in Hawaii and the West Coast. Another major wave occurred during World War II when Filipinos and Americans allied together. Many Filipinos came to the U.S. as servicemen or veterans, settling predominantly on the West Coast.
On the East Coast, particularly in the Diocese of Brooklyn, substantial Filipino immigration began with the 1965 Immigration Act, which removed racial barriers. The initial wave of immigrants to the New York area consisted mainly of professionals—doctors, nurses, engineers, and accountants. Many nurses and medical school graduates came as exchange scholars during these years. Over time, these professionals converted their temporary visas to immigrant visas, became naturalized U.S. citizens, and sponsored their relatives under the family reunification provision. This initial community diversified to include Filipinos with various levels of education, skills, and legal statuses.
Today, the rich cultural heritage rooted in the Catholic faith brought by Filipino immigrants is vibrantly alive, especially through the tradition of Simbang Gabi. In Brooklyn and Queens, several parishes host nine-evening Simbang Gabi Masses, offering ample opportunities for participation. The Diocesan Liturgy Office has issued guidelines to ensure uniformity in the celebration across these parishes, making it accessible and meaningful for the community.
While the historical origins of Simbang Gabi may be less known today, the essence of worship and reflection on the mystery of the Incarnation, the appreciation for Mary as the bearer of Jesus, and Joseph’s fatherly love remain central to the faith of Filipinos worldwide. Filipino immigrants have proudly introduced this beautiful tradition to the Church in the United States. Recognizing the impracticality of holding Mass at dawn during winter, local parishes have adapted by celebrating Simbang Gabi in the evenings. This adaptation ensures that the tradition continues to thrive, allowing the Filipino community and others to partake in this spiritually enriching experience.
